Mathematical science is a hugely important discipline, with its own culture and intellectual imperatives, its own history over millennia, and its own ‘Grand Challenges’. A recent article by Professors Ken Brown (University of Glasgow) and Paul Glendinning (University of Manchester) for Science in Parliament magazine looks at the special history of mathematics, its major impact on our lives, and the relevance of these aspects for current debates around research funding in the UK. Science in Parliament article